Someone added the majors to create a new card game called Triumphs, but how and when this came about exactly is the $64,000 question. The illustrations on the 22 "trump" cards derived from everyday themes that would have probably been very familiar to most people at the time.
I think the first attachment of the trumps to the occult is attributed to Antoine Court de Gébelin in the late 18th century, but I'm not positive about this, it may have been Etteilla. Someone more informed may know for sure.