John Meador
Horapollo's name has emerged here occasionly as a possible source in the development of tarot imagery. I came across three emblems illustrating the cynocephalus for Horapollo in Erik Iversen's: The Myth of Egypt and Its Hieroglyphics in European Tradition, 1961; (plate 16, chapter 3.) One by Albrecht Dürer, another: Horapollo’s De Sacris Aegyptiorum notis, aegyptiace expressis libri duo (Paris, 1574) “Every page illustrated with fine woodcuts, very rare.” And lastly: - Rome: Aloisii Zanetti 1597: a “purified” Greek and Latin version by Giulio Franceschini, for use in the schools, with 184 poor woodcuts. Reprinted 1599.
The "dog-faced ape-baboon-monkey" wears a crown and stands erect (or attempts to) on its hind legs and reaching upwards toward the moon. The moon is depicted twice (in two of these emblems) as both full and crescent. The cynocephalus faces the crescent. In these three versions the cynocephalus is unadorned except for the crown.
At first, I thought of the Moon card in TdM versions of tarot, with its often vague representations of a dog/wolf. Later, it occurred to me that the cynocephalus apparently may figure in Wheel of Fortune cards, doubling as Hermanubis; ie: dog-faced Hermes. The Wheel of Fortune from the uncut sheet of six trumps circa 15th or early 16th C. in the Bibliotheque de l'Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts (see S. Kaplan, 1978 Vol. 1, p.128) has a zoomorphic figure atop the wheel which could be a cynocephalus although it is robed and uncrowned holding an orb of empire. The Jean Payen (Avignon,1713) Roue de Fortune depicts perhaps the crowned cynocephalus atop the Wheel reaching with one arm and holding a sword with the other.
http://www.tarot.org.il/Payen/
This potential "Egyptian motif" precedes the appearance of Avignon's Hermetic Rite:
"From Gould's History of Freemasonry, Volume III:
From 1740 onwards, there existed at Avignon, capital of the
department Vaucluse, a school or rather many schools of Hermeticism,
working in some cases under Masonic forms on the basis of the Craft
degrees, with an intermediate structure of so-called Scots degrees.
The head of the movement was apparently Dom. Ant. Jos. de Pernety
(1716-1801), a Benedictine Monk, alchemist, and mystic."
http://www.antiqillum.com/texts/bg/Qadosh/qadosh079.htm
One source I've seen asserts that Pernety was Cagliostro's mentor.
-Cagliostro : a biography / by Roberto Gervaso ; translated [from the Italian] by Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin. London : Gollancz, 1974.
"Antoine Joseph Pernety (1716-1801) justified 1766 in Avignon a "Rite
hermétique"..."
http://www.freimaurer.ch/artikel/art-200107-2.html
"... from 1740 onwards, several cities in France developed.as centres of occultist high-degree Masonry. Masonic schools of Hermetism and Cabalism developed in Avignon, a city which played a vital role in the exportation of Masonic occultism into England in the 1780's."
-Marsha Schuchard: Freemasonry, secret societies, and the continuity of the occult traditions in English literature, 1975.
"Barruel lists Grabianka, as well as Cagliostro (founder of the Egyptian Rite) and Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (founder of the Elus Coens) as “brethren of Avignon,” who “recognized the Illumineés of Swedenborg as their parent Sect.”
http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeV/Blake.htm
Ross Caldwell has noted earlier the existence of an ideological opposition between de Pauw and Pernety. Pernety and de Pauw may have been at Frederick's court at the same time. Concerning de Pauw's nephew Jean-Baptiste du Val-du-Grace, Freiherr (Baron) von Clootz:
http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2000/apr/m19-010.shtml
In the Anonymous Parisian Tarot beneath the Magician's table are a dog and monkey sitting together. Interesting in light of the *Children of the planets* scheme of things (magicians being under the Moon's rule).
http://trionfi.com/01/j/i/gambler_ru/d02258.htm
In this deck, a "monkey" with a "cap" appears to be holding a mirror for a woman in the Sun card.
Wheel
"The Brambilla Tarot (1440-45) shows the classic blindfolded Dame Fortune at the center with four people around her on the stations of and Typhon in Coptic, is pictured with the qualities of a reptile, suggesting the unconscious, instinctive residue of our animal nature.. ...Etteilla, on the other hand, uses the image of a crowned monkey on a tree branch, ....El Gran Tarot Esoterico combines the crowned monkey of the Etteilla with the white bear of the late fifteenth century Minchiate, here seen rolling a great stone Wheel of Time. "
http://tarot.com/about-tarot/library/essays/majorcards
Also see::
http://cccw.adh.bton.ac.uk/schoolofdesign/MA.COURSE/LEmblems07.html
from the Parisian, Jacques Kerver 1543: the first French translation by an anonymous translator, illustrated with 197 woodcuts generally attributed to Jean Cousin. Its Appendix contains ten “additional hieroglyphs,” including 1.66, 2.1 and 2.5 of the Aldine edition, plus some others taken mostly from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphilii.
Horapollo’s De Sacris Aegyptiorum notis, aegyptiace expressis libri duo (Paris, 1574) “Every page illustrated with fine woodcuts, very rare.”
[Emblems] - HORAPOLLO - Ori Apollinis Niliaci, De sacris notis & sculpturis libri duo (...) [Greek text & Latin trsl.] Io. Mercerus. Paris, (G. Morel for) Jacques Kerver, 1551, 8vo, ....One of the great sources of early emblem books and important for the "patterns of symbolic significance which are placed on objects" (French emblem books). Ill. with 196 woodcut emblems (cancellans woodcut pasted on p. 110). Printed in Greek & Roman type. Some Hebrew words (A3r). Woodcut mark at end....
http://www.romanticagony.com/html/catalogus.asp?rub=ob6
Orus Apollo, de Aegypte : de la signification des notes hiéroglyphiques des Aegyptiens, c'est à dire des figures par les quelles ilz escripvoient leurs mystères secretz et les choses sainctes et divines / nouvellement traduict de grec en francoys [par Jean Martin] et imprimé avec les figures chascun chapitre
http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-71415
"Horapollo. Horapollinis Hieroglyphica graece et latine... curante Joanne Cornelio de Pauw ..." 1727 " Pauw’s introduction and commentaries demonstrate the presence of a vast non-Egyptian material in the Hieroglyphica."
http://www.studiolum.com/horapollon/editions.htm
Here is a good page listing various editions of Horapollo
http://www.studiolum.com/horapollon/editions.htm
"papio cynocephalus ursinus".
The cynocephalus standing, with its hands raised towards heaven, Horapollo considers to have been the symbol of the rising moon:
Ori Apollinis Niliaci: Hieroglyphica, Per Bernardinum Trebatium Vincentinum a Graecis translata.
" Cynocephalum Scribentes Quid significent. Lunam volentes significare, aut orbem terrarum, aut literas, aut iram, aut natationem, Cynocephalum pingunt. Lunam quidem, quoniam hoc animal varie afficitur ad cursum lunae quando enim Luna Soli juncta non apparet, tunc mas Cynocephalus neque videt, neque comedit tristis est autem oculos in terram dejectus, tanquam Lunae raptum lamentetur. Foemina vero, praeterquem quod non videt, & eodem modo quo mas afficitur fluxum sanguinis emittit ex naturalibus. Unde in sacris & in haec usque tempora nutriunt Cynocephalos, ut per eos pateat Solis & Lunae conjunctio. Orbem terrarum, quoniam di**** duo & septuaginta esse climata mundi hos autem diligenter nutritos in sacris ac curatos non mori, quemadmodum coetera animalia, uno, die, verum singulo quoque die partem earum defunctam sepeliri a sacerdotibus, reliquo corpore adhuc pristinam naturam retinente, & sic deinceps fieri usque ad secundum supra septuagesimum diem, & tunc denique totum mori. Literas, quoniam innatae sunt lierae Cynocephalis apud Aegyptios. Unde cum primum advectus est in templum, Cynocephalus apponit ei sacerdos tabellam, stilum ac attramentum, periculum faciens, an sit ex genere a literis non abhorrente & inscribit. Iram, quoniam animal hoc supra coetera animalia iracundum est. Natationem vero, quoniam reliqua animalia, si natationem frequentent, sordida ac squalida fiunt, solus cynocephalus quo vult enatat, nullis unquem foedatus sordibus."
"Since Hermes of Greek mythology and dog-headed Thoth of Egypt are ancient prototypes of the Mercurius of alchemy, Manly Hall's words are relevant to an interpretation of the companionship of fool and dog. "Cynocephalus, the dog-headed ape," he writes, "was the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol of writing, and was closely associated with Thoth. Mercury rules the astrological Third House of writing and communication. Cynocephalus is symbolic of the moon and Thoth of the planet Mercury. Because of the ancient belief that the moon followed Mercury about the heavens, the dog-ape was described as the faithful companion of Thoth."
--Richard Roberts
Thoth was the baboon, or again he was represented outright as an ape" (Jung 133). " . . . we have seen the cynocephalus or dog-headed baboon associated with Thoth-Hermes, the highest among the apes known to the Egyptians, that its godlike affinities make it an equally appropriate symbol for that part of the unconscious which transcends the conscious level" (Jung 137). Jung, C.G. Psychology and Alchemy. Princeton University Press 1968.
"As Hermes-Thoth-Aah, he is Thoth, the moon, i.e., his symbol is the bright side of the moon, supposed to contain the essence of creative Wisdom, "the elixir of Hermes". As such he is associated with the Cynocephalus, the dog-headed monkey, for the same reason as was Anubis, one of the aspects of Thoth. (See "Hermanubis".)
Hermanubis (Gr.). Or Hermes Anubis "the revealer of the mysteries of the lower world" -- not of Hell or Hades as interpreted, but of our Earth (the lowest world of the septenary, chain of worlds) --and also of the sexual mysteries."
http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/ctg/h-hh.htm
"...the Egyptian god of reading and writing (as well as magic). This may be a far-fetched piece of symbolism, but the cynocephalus does occur in church architecture and there is at least one representation of Saint Christopher - at St Keverne in Cornwall - where an allusion to the legend that he was originally "dog headed", "of the race of cynocephali", has been tentatively identified.<<M. Anderson, History and Imagery of British Churches (Murray, 1971).>>"
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~pardos/ArchiveMasters.html
The above post is not intended as an assertion of demonstrable interrelationships, just some ideas I didn't feel like keeping to myself!
-John
The "dog-faced ape-baboon-monkey" wears a crown and stands erect (or attempts to) on its hind legs and reaching upwards toward the moon. The moon is depicted twice (in two of these emblems) as both full and crescent. The cynocephalus faces the crescent. In these three versions the cynocephalus is unadorned except for the crown.
At first, I thought of the Moon card in TdM versions of tarot, with its often vague representations of a dog/wolf. Later, it occurred to me that the cynocephalus apparently may figure in Wheel of Fortune cards, doubling as Hermanubis; ie: dog-faced Hermes. The Wheel of Fortune from the uncut sheet of six trumps circa 15th or early 16th C. in the Bibliotheque de l'Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts (see S. Kaplan, 1978 Vol. 1, p.128) has a zoomorphic figure atop the wheel which could be a cynocephalus although it is robed and uncrowned holding an orb of empire. The Jean Payen (Avignon,1713) Roue de Fortune depicts perhaps the crowned cynocephalus atop the Wheel reaching with one arm and holding a sword with the other.
http://www.tarot.org.il/Payen/
This potential "Egyptian motif" precedes the appearance of Avignon's Hermetic Rite:
"From Gould's History of Freemasonry, Volume III:
From 1740 onwards, there existed at Avignon, capital of the
department Vaucluse, a school or rather many schools of Hermeticism,
working in some cases under Masonic forms on the basis of the Craft
degrees, with an intermediate structure of so-called Scots degrees.
The head of the movement was apparently Dom. Ant. Jos. de Pernety
(1716-1801), a Benedictine Monk, alchemist, and mystic."
http://www.antiqillum.com/texts/bg/Qadosh/qadosh079.htm
One source I've seen asserts that Pernety was Cagliostro's mentor.
-Cagliostro : a biography / by Roberto Gervaso ; translated [from the Italian] by Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin. London : Gollancz, 1974.
"Antoine Joseph Pernety (1716-1801) justified 1766 in Avignon a "Rite
hermétique"..."
http://www.freimaurer.ch/artikel/art-200107-2.html
"... from 1740 onwards, several cities in France developed.as centres of occultist high-degree Masonry. Masonic schools of Hermetism and Cabalism developed in Avignon, a city which played a vital role in the exportation of Masonic occultism into England in the 1780's."
-Marsha Schuchard: Freemasonry, secret societies, and the continuity of the occult traditions in English literature, 1975.
"Barruel lists Grabianka, as well as Cagliostro (founder of the Egyptian Rite) and Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (founder of the Elus Coens) as “brethren of Avignon,” who “recognized the Illumineés of Swedenborg as their parent Sect.”
http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeV/Blake.htm
Ross Caldwell has noted earlier the existence of an ideological opposition between de Pauw and Pernety. Pernety and de Pauw may have been at Frederick's court at the same time. Concerning de Pauw's nephew Jean-Baptiste du Val-du-Grace, Freiherr (Baron) von Clootz:
http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2000/apr/m19-010.shtml
In the Anonymous Parisian Tarot beneath the Magician's table are a dog and monkey sitting together. Interesting in light of the *Children of the planets* scheme of things (magicians being under the Moon's rule).
http://trionfi.com/01/j/i/gambler_ru/d02258.htm
In this deck, a "monkey" with a "cap" appears to be holding a mirror for a woman in the Sun card.
Wheel
"The Brambilla Tarot (1440-45) shows the classic blindfolded Dame Fortune at the center with four people around her on the stations of and Typhon in Coptic, is pictured with the qualities of a reptile, suggesting the unconscious, instinctive residue of our animal nature.. ...Etteilla, on the other hand, uses the image of a crowned monkey on a tree branch, ....El Gran Tarot Esoterico combines the crowned monkey of the Etteilla with the white bear of the late fifteenth century Minchiate, here seen rolling a great stone Wheel of Time. "
http://tarot.com/about-tarot/library/essays/majorcards
Also see::
http://cccw.adh.bton.ac.uk/schoolofdesign/MA.COURSE/LEmblems07.html
from the Parisian, Jacques Kerver 1543: the first French translation by an anonymous translator, illustrated with 197 woodcuts generally attributed to Jean Cousin. Its Appendix contains ten “additional hieroglyphs,” including 1.66, 2.1 and 2.5 of the Aldine edition, plus some others taken mostly from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphilii.
Horapollo’s De Sacris Aegyptiorum notis, aegyptiace expressis libri duo (Paris, 1574) “Every page illustrated with fine woodcuts, very rare.”
[Emblems] - HORAPOLLO - Ori Apollinis Niliaci, De sacris notis & sculpturis libri duo (...) [Greek text & Latin trsl.] Io. Mercerus. Paris, (G. Morel for) Jacques Kerver, 1551, 8vo, ....One of the great sources of early emblem books and important for the "patterns of symbolic significance which are placed on objects" (French emblem books). Ill. with 196 woodcut emblems (cancellans woodcut pasted on p. 110). Printed in Greek & Roman type. Some Hebrew words (A3r). Woodcut mark at end....
http://www.romanticagony.com/html/catalogus.asp?rub=ob6
Orus Apollo, de Aegypte : de la signification des notes hiéroglyphiques des Aegyptiens, c'est à dire des figures par les quelles ilz escripvoient leurs mystères secretz et les choses sainctes et divines / nouvellement traduict de grec en francoys [par Jean Martin] et imprimé avec les figures chascun chapitre
http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-71415
"Horapollo. Horapollinis Hieroglyphica graece et latine... curante Joanne Cornelio de Pauw ..." 1727 " Pauw’s introduction and commentaries demonstrate the presence of a vast non-Egyptian material in the Hieroglyphica."
http://www.studiolum.com/horapollon/editions.htm
Here is a good page listing various editions of Horapollo
http://www.studiolum.com/horapollon/editions.htm
"papio cynocephalus ursinus".
The cynocephalus standing, with its hands raised towards heaven, Horapollo considers to have been the symbol of the rising moon:
Ori Apollinis Niliaci: Hieroglyphica, Per Bernardinum Trebatium Vincentinum a Graecis translata.
" Cynocephalum Scribentes Quid significent. Lunam volentes significare, aut orbem terrarum, aut literas, aut iram, aut natationem, Cynocephalum pingunt. Lunam quidem, quoniam hoc animal varie afficitur ad cursum lunae quando enim Luna Soli juncta non apparet, tunc mas Cynocephalus neque videt, neque comedit tristis est autem oculos in terram dejectus, tanquam Lunae raptum lamentetur. Foemina vero, praeterquem quod non videt, & eodem modo quo mas afficitur fluxum sanguinis emittit ex naturalibus. Unde in sacris & in haec usque tempora nutriunt Cynocephalos, ut per eos pateat Solis & Lunae conjunctio. Orbem terrarum, quoniam di**** duo & septuaginta esse climata mundi hos autem diligenter nutritos in sacris ac curatos non mori, quemadmodum coetera animalia, uno, die, verum singulo quoque die partem earum defunctam sepeliri a sacerdotibus, reliquo corpore adhuc pristinam naturam retinente, & sic deinceps fieri usque ad secundum supra septuagesimum diem, & tunc denique totum mori. Literas, quoniam innatae sunt lierae Cynocephalis apud Aegyptios. Unde cum primum advectus est in templum, Cynocephalus apponit ei sacerdos tabellam, stilum ac attramentum, periculum faciens, an sit ex genere a literis non abhorrente & inscribit. Iram, quoniam animal hoc supra coetera animalia iracundum est. Natationem vero, quoniam reliqua animalia, si natationem frequentent, sordida ac squalida fiunt, solus cynocephalus quo vult enatat, nullis unquem foedatus sordibus."
"Since Hermes of Greek mythology and dog-headed Thoth of Egypt are ancient prototypes of the Mercurius of alchemy, Manly Hall's words are relevant to an interpretation of the companionship of fool and dog. "Cynocephalus, the dog-headed ape," he writes, "was the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol of writing, and was closely associated with Thoth. Mercury rules the astrological Third House of writing and communication. Cynocephalus is symbolic of the moon and Thoth of the planet Mercury. Because of the ancient belief that the moon followed Mercury about the heavens, the dog-ape was described as the faithful companion of Thoth."
--Richard Roberts
Thoth was the baboon, or again he was represented outright as an ape" (Jung 133). " . . . we have seen the cynocephalus or dog-headed baboon associated with Thoth-Hermes, the highest among the apes known to the Egyptians, that its godlike affinities make it an equally appropriate symbol for that part of the unconscious which transcends the conscious level" (Jung 137). Jung, C.G. Psychology and Alchemy. Princeton University Press 1968.
"As Hermes-Thoth-Aah, he is Thoth, the moon, i.e., his symbol is the bright side of the moon, supposed to contain the essence of creative Wisdom, "the elixir of Hermes". As such he is associated with the Cynocephalus, the dog-headed monkey, for the same reason as was Anubis, one of the aspects of Thoth. (See "Hermanubis".)
Hermanubis (Gr.). Or Hermes Anubis "the revealer of the mysteries of the lower world" -- not of Hell or Hades as interpreted, but of our Earth (the lowest world of the septenary, chain of worlds) --and also of the sexual mysteries."
http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/ctg/h-hh.htm
"...the Egyptian god of reading and writing (as well as magic). This may be a far-fetched piece of symbolism, but the cynocephalus does occur in church architecture and there is at least one representation of Saint Christopher - at St Keverne in Cornwall - where an allusion to the legend that he was originally "dog headed", "of the race of cynocephali", has been tentatively identified.<<M. Anderson, History and Imagery of British Churches (Murray, 1971).>>"
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~pardos/ArchiveMasters.html
The above post is not intended as an assertion of demonstrable interrelationships, just some ideas I didn't feel like keeping to myself!
-John