bodhran said:
I think the idea might have originated in Hinduism.
Could be from Kabbalah too, where you have:
Nefesh, the lowest level of consciousness, awareness of the physical body and the physical world, the world of Asiyah - the world of Action.
Ruach is the next level of soul -its primary manifestation is in the emotions.
(The world corresponding to ruach is the world of Yetzirah, world of Formation. )
Neshamah has to do with the intellect and manifestation of Divine energy in the world of Beriah; in the soul its the primary activity is understanding.
(Beriah is world of Creation. )
The next aspect of the soul is Chayah (living one), manifestation in the world of Atzilut, Word of Emanation.
Yechidah represents the quintessential point of the soul, rooted in the Or Ein Sof.
(But that would be 'Highest Self' not 'Higher' than...

)
Hmm, great topic indeed!